Pronuon (Kata Ganti)

Pronoun atau Kt. Ganti digunakan untuk menggantikan nama orang atau benda, dan Pronoun dibagi menjadi 8 jenis:

1. P. Pronoun: kata ganti orang yang berbicara(orang pertama/P1), orang yang diajak bicara(oang kedua/P2), dan orang yang dibicarakan(orang ketiga/P3) dalam sebuah pembicaraan dibagi menjaadi 2 bagian:
1. Subject: kata ganti orang yang melakukan pekerjaan
• I (P1): I am a student
• We (P1): We are students
• You (P2): Nin, what are you? / Guys, what are you?
• They (P3)
• He, She, It (P3): menggantikan nama orang atau benda yang telah diketahui.
2. Object: kata ganti yang dikenai pekerjaan
• Me: My brother called me every night
• Us: will you join us?
• You: I wanna visit you
• Them: He tell them a short story
• Him: I call him every night
• Her: He loves her truly
• It: She broke it
2. P. Possessive: kata ganti milik benda atau orang dan dibagi menjadi 3, yaitu:
1. P. adjective: kata ganti milik yang diikuti oleh kata benda
• my                               : Indonesia is my country
• our                               : Mr. Afif is our english teacher
• your                             : Arif, Anggi is your sister
• their          + Noun : That is their house
• his                                 : His name is Fungki
• her                                : Her mother is a nurse
• its                                  : I have a pen, its colour is blue
2. P. pronoun: kata ganti milik yang tidak diikuti kata benda, dengan catatan kata bendanya telah diketahui
• Mine (kepunyaan saya): The laptop isn't yours, it's mine
• Ours (kepunyaan kami): Look at the green house over there! it's ours!
• Yours (kepunyaan kamu): the book which broken is yours.
• Theirs (kepunyaan mereka): The letter isn't ours, but it's theirs.
• His (kepunyaan dia M): the woman wearing skirt isn't my mom, but she is his.
• Hers (kepunyaan dia F): the boy isn't my brother, but he is hers.
• Its (kepunyaan selain manusia): that food is not yours, but it is its
3. P. case: kata ganti milik yang menggunakan nama orang/benda sebagai kata gantinya dengan mengambil ('s) baik diikuti kata benda ataupun tidak, dengan catatan orang atau bendanya sebagai pihak ke-3
• Mr. Taemin's motorcycle
• Donghae's handphone
• Gendis' teacher
• Troy isn't Hanum brother, but he's her cousin
• My father's father
3. Reflexive P: kata ganti yang memiliki hubungan dengan diri sendiri, yaitu: myself, ourselves, yourself/yourselves, themselves, himself, herself, itself. memiliki 3 fungsi:
1. segala sesuatu pekerjaan yang kembali pada subjeknya
• Hanum hurt herself with a knife
• Shera and Anggi looking at themselves in the mirror
• Troy let himself fall into the river
• Oky make herself fool
2. digunakan untuk menekankan subjeknya, biasanya reflexive p., diletakan di belakang subjek
• Hanum herself saw you affair
• they themselves did the homework without Mr.Afif's help
• Shera herself cooked that food
• I myself made this cake just for you
• Mr. Afif himself told us not to gather in the language lab after school
3. digunakan untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan sendirian, biasanya diawali dengan 'by'
• Hanum stays at home by herself
• Troys and Bianca go to school by themselves
• Mr. Afif is absent today. so, you will study by yourselves
• You have to do your exam by yourself
• that vase fell down by itself
4. Introgative P: kata ganti untuk memperkenalkan kalimat pertanyaan menjadi pernyataan.
1. Who are you? = I know who you are
2. what did you do last night? = I know what you did last night
3. where did you put my watch? = My mother asked me where I put her watch
4. which Prasetyo do you mean teacher? = You asked me which Prasetyo I meant the teacher/ student
5. Relative P: kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menggabungkan 2 kalimat (induk kalimat dan anak kalimat) yang biasanya mempunyai arti 'yang': who,which, whose, whom, that.
• the man who is wearing the glasses is my uncle
• the book which Oky borrowed yesterday is Biology
• May I borrow your pen which you bought yesterday?
• the teacher whose this car is Mrs.Yusarina
• My aunt whose this clothes will go abroad
• the man who you met yesterday is my lecture
• the girl who is Troy talking to is my cousin
• something that I don't like is lying
• that car that it's colour is red is not mine.
6. Demonstrative P: kata ganti yang digunakan untuk meunjukan kata benda berada.
1. singular: this/that + is/was
2. plural: these/those + are/were
• this is my mother and these are my brother
• that is my sister and those are her friend
• this is your tooth and these are his teeth
• that is my son and those are Mr. Santo's children
7. Reciprocal P: menunjukan hubungantimbal balik antara subjek.
1. each other(saling): hanya 2 noun
• Joni and Jody are blamed each other
• Grace and Troy are looking each other
• Grace and Shera are hugging each other
• Helen and Troy love each other
2. one another(satu sama lain): lebih dari 2 noun
• on Idul Fitri day, my schoolmate shake a hand one another
• Indonesian people like to help one another
• religion believers in Indonesia respect one another
8. Indenfinit P: menunjukan benda atau orang yang tidak diketahui atau tidak tertentu: all, many, another, none, any, most, some
• all are welcome, please come to my party
• the pen  which you lent me yesterday is broken, would you lend me another pen?
• you may ask anything you want
• you may come to my home any time
• most women like shopping
• Hanum bought a lo of dates, she bought us some
• many students were late today
• none of you go to Africa